Electromagnetic field assisted self-assembly with formation of electrical contacts

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for self-assembling a part on a substrate are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a method includes placing a substrate having a first binding site capable of generating a first magnetic field and having a first shaped surface with a first droplet conformably disposed thereon into a first fluid; placing a part having a second binding site capable of generating a second magnetic field and having a second shaped surface with a second droplet conformably disposed on the second shaped surface into the first fluid; and attracting the part towards the first binding site such that an equilibrium is formed between an attractive force and a repulsive force such that the part is free to rotate about the first binding site to minimize the repulsive force when the first and second shaped surfaces rotate into an alignment causing the part to aligned with the first binding site.

GOVERNMENT INTEREST

Governmental Interest—The invention described herein may bemanufactured, used and licensed by or for the U.S. Government.

FIELD OF INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to methods ofself-assembly and apparatus for accomplishing the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Self-assembly is a promising technique to overcome limitations, forexample, with integrating, packaging, and/or handling individualelectronic components that have critical dimensions of about 300 micronsor below. Methods of self-assembly may include gravitational, capillary,or magnetic forces, each of which has limitations related to assemblingone or more electronic components on a substrate, for example, such asaligning one or more electronic components with a binding site on thesubstrate.

The inventor has provided improved methods and apparatus forself-assembly.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention include methods and apparatus forself-assembling a part on a substrate. In some embodiments, a method ofself-assembling a part on a substrate includes placing a substrate intoa first fluid, the substrate including a first binding site capable ofgenerating a first electromagnetic field and having a first shapedsurface with a first droplet conformably disposed on the first shapedsurface, wherein the first droplet is immiscible in the first fluid;placing a part into the first fluid, the part having a second bindingsite capable of generating a second electromagnetic field and having asecond shaped surface with a second droplet conformably disposed on thesecond shaped surface, wherein the second droplet is immiscible in thefirst fluid; and attracting the part towards the first binding siteusing the first and second electromagnetic fields such that the firstand second droplets solubilize with each other forming an equilibriumbetween an attractive force between the first and second electromagneticfields and a repulsive force between the solubilized first and seconddroplets and the first fluid such that the part is free to rotate aboutthe first binding site to minimize the repulsive force by minimizing anexposed surface area of the solubilized first and second droplets withrespect to the first fluid when the first and second shaped surfacesrotate into an alignment causing the part to aligned with the firstbinding site.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a substrate having a firstbinding site having a first shaped surface and a first electromagneticfield generating element; and a part having a second binding opposingthe first binding site, wherein the second binding site has a secondshaped surface and a second electromagnetic field generating element andwherein the first shaped surface is aligned with the second shapedsurface.

Other and further embodiments of the present invention are discussedbelow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the above recited features of the presentinvention can be understood in detail, a more particular description ofthe invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference toembodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Itis to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate onlytypical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to beconsidered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to otherequally effective embodiments.

FIGS. 1A-B depict an apparatus in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present invention.

FIG. 2 depicts a flow chart for a method for self-assembling a part on asubstrate in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 3A-D depict the stages of fabrication for self-assembling a parton a substrate in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention comprise methods and apparatus forself-assembling a part on a substrate. The inventive methods andapparatus advantageously facilitate the self-assembly of the part ontothe substrate such that the part and the substrate are aligned duringthe self-assembly process.

FIG. 1A depicts a side schematic view of an article 100 in accordancewith some embodiments of the present invention. The article 100 includesa part 101 and a substrate 102. For example, the substrate 102 mayinclude one or more of silicon (Si), glass, plastic, or other suitablesubstrate materials. The substrate 102 includes a first binding site104. As illustrated in FIG. 1, an electrically conductive layer 105 maybe disposed between the substrate 102 and the first binding site 104.For example, the electrically conductive layer 105 may include one ormore of gold (Au), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), or other suitableconductive materials.

The first binding site 104 may include a first electromagnetic fieldgenerating element 106 and a first layer 108. For example, the firstmagnetic field generating element 106 may include one or more of apolarized permanent magnet, a hard magnet, a polarized permanentelectrostatic material, an electrode providing an electro static field,or an electromagnet. The first magnetic field generating element 106 maybe covered by the first layer 108, for example, to provide a surfacesuitable for attachment of a self-assembled monolayer, as describedbelow. The first layer 108 may be formed of one or more of gold (Au),copper (Cu), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), or the like. The first layer 108may include a first shaped surface 110, where the first shaped surface110 may be utilized to promote alignment of the part 101 with thesubstrate 102 as discussed below. For example, the first shaped surface110 may include any suitable shape not having the same radial distancein every direction from a central axis passing through the surface 110.For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, one such suitable shape mayinclude a triangle. For example, an unsuitable shape may include acircle. The first shaped surface 110 may include a self-assembledmonolayer or any suitable surface for making the first shaped surface110 one of hydrophobic or hydrophilic.

The part 101 may comprise one or more of transistors, optoelectronicdevices, sensors, or other suitable devices or the like. The part 101may include a second binding site 112 opposing the first binding site104. The second binding site 112 may include a second electromagneticfield generating element 114 and a second layer 116. The second bindingsite 112 may be substantially similar to the first binding site 104 asdescribed above. For example, the second magnetic field generatingelement 114 may include one or more of a polarized permanent magnet, ahard magnet, a polarized permanent electrostatic material, or a materialwhich is highly permeable to the electromagnetic field lines emanatingfrom the first electromagnetic field generator, such as permalloy,nickel-iron (Ni—Fe), or the like. The second magnetic field generatingelement 114 may be covered by the second layer 116, for example, toprovide a surface suitable for attachment of a self-assembled monolayer,as described below. The second layer 116 may be formed of one or more ofgold (Au), copper (Cu), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), or the like. The secondlayer 116 may include a second shaped surface 118, where the secondshaped surface 118 may be utilized to promote alignment of the part 101with the substrate 102 as discussed below. For example, as discussedabove with respect to the first shaped surface 110, the second shapedsurface 118 may include any suitable shape not having the same radialdistance in every direction from a central axis passing through thesurface 110. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, one such suitableshape may include a triangle. For example, an unsuitable shape mayinclude a circle. The second shaped surface 118 may include aself-assembled monolayer or any suitable surface for making the secondshaped surface 118 one of hydrophobic or hydrophilic for use in themethod 200 as discussed below.

As illustrated in FIG. 18, the first shaped surface 110 may be alignedwith the second shaped surface 118. For illustrative purposes, thesecond shaped surface 118 is drawn as slightly larger in area than thefirst shaped surface 110. However, this is merely illustrative, and inpractice, the first and second shaped surfaces 110, 118 may be the sameor substantially the same in size and shape.

The article 100 may include a plurality of electrical connections 120disposed about the first and second binding sites 104, 112, wherein eachelectrical connection 120 provides an electrical pathway between thesubstrate 102 and the part 101. For example, each electrical connection120 may include a first metal layer 122 contacting the substrate 102,for example via the electrically conductive layer 105, as shown, oralternatively directly to the substrate 102 (not shown). Each electricalconnection 120 may include a second metal layer 124 contacting the part101 and a solder layer 126 disposed between the first and second metallayers 122, 124. For example, the first and second metal layers may beformed from one or more of gold (Au), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), or othersuitable conducting materials. For example, the solder layer 126 may beformed from one or more of tin-lead (Sn—Pb), tin-bismuth (Sn—Bi), tin(Sn), or other suitable solder materials.

FIG. 2 depicts a flow chart of a method 200 for self-assembling a parton a substrate in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinvention. For example, the method 220 may be utilized to form thearticle 100 as illustrated in FIGS. 1A-B by self-assembling the part 101to the substrate 102. The stages of fabrication of the self-assemblyprocess, or method 200, are respectively depicted in FIGS. 3A-D.

The method 200 begins at 202, by placing the substrate 102 in a firstfluid 300. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3A, the substrate 102 mayinclude the electrically conductive layer 105, the first binding site104, the plurality of first metal layers 122 and the plurality of solderlayers 126 disposed thereon when the substrate is placed in the firstfluid 300. For example, the first fluid 300 may include one or more ofwater (H₂O), ethylene glycol, glycerol, or the like. A first droplet 302of a second fluid may be conformably disposed on the first shapedsurface 110. The second fluid may be immiscible in the first fluid 300.For example, the second fluid may be, for example, one or more of hexane(C₆H₁₂), hexadecane (C₁₆H₃₂), or any suitable fluid which is immisciblein water. In some embodiments, the first droplet 302 may be formed on aself-assembled monolayer included on the first shaped surface 110 or onany suitable surface which permits the second fluid to wet the firstshaped surface 110 to form the first droplet 302.

In some embodiments, to form the first droplet 302, the substrate 102may be placed into the second fluid prior to placing the substrate intothe first fluid 300. For example, the second fluid may wet the firstshaped surface 110 while not wetting other surfaces of the substrate102. Alternatively, the second fluid 304 may be disposed above the firstfluid 300 and the substrate 102 may passed through the second fluid 304to enter the first fluid 300 as illustrated in FIG. 3B. Further, anexemplary self assembled monolayer is illustrated in FIG. 3B. Forexample, as shown, the self-assembled monolayer 306 may be disposed onthe first shaped surface 110 and may comprise a plurality of molecules308, each molecule may include a hydrophobic group 310 that contacts thesecond fluid 304. Alternatively, depending on the identity of the firstand second fluids, a hydrophilic group may be used.

At 204, the part 101 may be placed into the first fluid as illustratedin FIG. 3A. For example, the part 101 may include the second bindingsite 112 and the plurality of second metal layers 124 as illustrated inFIG. 3A. The part 101 may include a second droplet 312 conformablydisposed on the second shaped surface 118, wherein the second droplet isimmiscible in the first fluid 300. For example, the second droplet 312may be formed from one or more of the second fluids as discussed abovewith respect to the first droplet 302. The first droplet 302 and thesecond droplet 312 may be made from the same fluid or from differentfluids. Similar to embodiments discussed above at 202, the part 101 maybe placed into the second fluid prior to the placing the part 101 in thefirst fluid to wet the second shaped surface 118 of the second bindingsite 112 to form the second droplet 312 on the second shaped surface116. Alternatively, the second fluid 304 may be disposed above the firstfluid 300 and the part 101 may be passed through the second fluid 304prior to enter the first fluid 300, similar to embodiments discussedabove at 202 and illustrated in FIG. 3B. Embodiments of a self assembledmonolayer discussed above at 202, such as the exemplary self assembledmonolayer 306, may be applied to the second shaped surface 116 and usedto wet the second shaped surface 118 to form the second droplet 312.

At 206, the part 101 may be attracted towards the first binding site 114as illustrated in FIGS. 3A, 3C-D. For example, the first and secondelectromagnetic field generating elements 106, 114 may be used toattract the part 101 to the substrate 102 such that the first and seconddroplets 302, 312 solubilize with each other as illustrated in FIG. 3C.For example, as the first and second droplets 302, 312 solubilize, anequilibrium may be formed between an attractive force resulting from thefirst and second electromagnetic field generating elements 106, 114 anda repulsive force between the solubilized first and second droplets 302,312 and the first fluid 300 such that the part 101 is free to rotateabout the first binding site 114 as shown in FIG. 3C. For example, thesolubilized first and second droplets 302, 312 may act as a lubricant toaid rotation and prevent the part 101 from getting stuck in a misalignedorientation. The repulsive force may be minimized by minimizing anexposed surface area 314 of the solubilized first and second droplets302, 312 with respect to the first fluid 300. The minimization of therepulsive force may occur when the first and second shaped surfaces 110,116 rotate into an alignment (such as an alignment as illustrated inFIG. 1B) causing the part 101 to aligned with the first binding site114. For example, the part 101 may be considered aligned when theplurality second metal layers 124 disposed on the part 101 are alignedwith the corresponding plurality of solder layers 126 disposed on thesubstrate 102. Further, the shape of the first and second shapedsurfaces 110, 118 may be selected such that only by their alignment maythe repulsive force be minimized. In some embodiments, the first droplet302 may also preferentially wet the surface 118, resulting in the samecombined droplet 302, 312 depicted in FIG. 3C and leading to the samefunctions described above.

Once the part 101 is aligned with the substrate 102, the part 101 may becontacted with the substrate 102 such that the plurality of first metallayers 124 contact the corresponding plurality of solder layers 126. Forexample, to contact the part 101 with the substrate 102, the solubilizedfirst and second droplets 302, 312 may be removed such that theattractive force between the first and second electromagnetic fieldgenerating elements 106, 114 pulls the first metal layers 124 andcorresponding solder layers 126 together.

In some embodiments, the solubilized first and second droplets 302, 312may be removed by adding a third fluid (not shown) to the first fluid300, where the third fluid may be soluble in both the first and secondfluids. Exemplary third fluids may include one or more of ethanol(CH₃CH₂OH), acetone ((CH₃)₂CO), methanol (CH₃OH), or the like. Forexample, the third fluid may dissolve the solubilized first and seconddroplets 302, 312 as illustrated in FIG. 3D such that the plurality offirst metal layers 124 contact the corresponding plurality of solderlayers 126. Once the part 101 is aligned with the substrate 102 and thesolubilized first and second droplets 302, 312 have been removed, thesolder layers 126 may be heated to form the electrical connections 120.For example, the substrate 102 and part 101 may be globally heated orthe solder layers 126 may be locally heated. In some embodiments, thesubstrate 102 including the aligned part 101 may be removed from thefirst fluid 300. In some embodiments, the substrate 102 and part 101 maybe removed, for example, such that higher temperatures than the boilingpoint of the first fluid 300 may be used to melt the solder layers 126.The substrate 102 may be heated to melt the solder layers 126 such thatthe electrical connections 120 are formed. For example, the substrate102 and part 101 may be heated under an inert atmosphere or the like tomelt the solder layers 126. Alternatively, the first fluid 300 may beexchanged with a fourth fluid having a higher boiling point than thefirst fluid 300. Exemplary fourth fluids may include glycerol, ethyleneglycol, ionic liquids, or the like. The substrate 102 may be heated inthe fourth fluid to melt the solder layers 126 to form the electricalconnections 120.

While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention,other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised withoutdeparting from the basic scope thereof.

1. A method of self-assembling a part on a substrate, comprising:placing a substrate into a first fluid, the substrate including a firstbinding site capable of generating a first electromagnetic field andhaving a first shaped surface with a first droplet conformably disposedon the first shaped surface, wherein the second fluid is immiscible inthe first fluid; placing a part into the first fluid, the part having asecond binding site capable of generating a second electromagnetic fieldand having a second shaped surface with a second droplet conformablydisposed on the second shaped surface, wherein the second droplet isimmiscible in the first fluid; and attracting the part towards the firstbinding site using the first and second electromagnetic fields such thatthe first and second droplets solubilize with each other forming anequilibrium between an attractive force between the first and secondelectromagnetic fields and a repulsive force between the solubilizedfirst and second droplets and the first fluid such that the part is freeto rotate about the first binding site to minimize the repulsive forceby minimizing an exposed surface area of the solubilized first andsecond droplets with respect to the first fluid when the first andsecond shaped surfaces rotate into an alignment causing the part toaligned with the first binding site.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: placing the substrate into a second fluid prior to placingthe substrate into the first fluid, wherein the second fluid isimmiscible in the first fluid and wherein the second fluid wets thefirst shaped surface to form the first droplet on the first shapedsurface.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the second fluid is disposedabove the first fluid and wherein the substrate is passed through thesecond fluid to enter the first fluid.
 4. The method of claim 2, whereinthe first shaped surface includes a self-assembled monolayer that causesthe second fluid to wet the first shaped surface.
 5. The method of claim4, wherein the self-assembled monolayer comprises a plurality ofmolecules, each molecule including a hydrophobic group that contacts thesecond fluid.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: placing thepart into a second fluid prior to placing the part into the first fluid,wherein the second fluid is immiscible in the first fluid and whereinthe second fluid wets the second shaped surface to form the seconddroplet on the second shaped surface.
 7. The method of claim 6, whereinthe second fluid is disposed above the first fluid and wherein the partis passed through the second fluid to enter the first fluid.
 8. Themethod of claim 6, wherein the second shaped surface include aself-assembled monolayer that causes the second fluid to wet the secondshaped surface.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the self-assembledmonolayer comprises a plurality of molecules, each molecule including ahydrophobic group that contacts the second fluid.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the first and second droplets comprise a second fluid,and further comprising: dissolving the solubilized first and seconddroplets in a third fluid added to the first fluid after the part isaligned, wherein the third fluid is soluble in both the first and secondfluids.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprises: contacting aplurality of solder layers disposed about the first binding site withcorresponding plurality of second metal layers disposed about the secondbinding site by dissolving the solubilized first and second droplets.12. The method of claim 11, wherein the plurality of solder layers aredisposed on a plurality of first metal layers disposed about the firstbinding site.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: removingthe substrate including the aligned part from the first fluid; andheating the substrate to melt the solder layers such that an electricalconnection is formed between the plurality of second metal layers and acorresponding plurality of first metal layers disposed about the firstbinding site on the substrate.
 14. The method of claim 11, furthercomprising: exchanging the first fluid with a fourth fluid having ahigher boiling point than the first fluid; and heating the substrate inthe fourth fluid to melt the solder layers such that an electricalconnection is formed between the plurality of second metal layers and acorresponding plurality of first metal layers disposed about the firstbinding site on the substrate.
 15. The method of 1, further comprising:generating the first electromagnetic field using one or more of apolarized permanent magnet, a hard magnet, a polarized permanentelectrostatic material, an electrode providing an electro static field,or an electromagnet.
 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising:generating the second electromagnetic field using one or more of apolarized permanent magnet, a hard magnet, a polarized permanentelectrostatic material, or a material which is highly permeable to theelectromagnetic field lines emanating from the first electromagneticfield generator.
 17. An article, comprising: a substrate having a firstbinding site having a first shaped surface and a first electromagneticfield generating element; a part having a second binding opposing thefirst binding site, wherein the second binding site has a second shapedsurface and a second electromagnetic field generating element andwherein the first shaped surface is aligned with the second shapedsurface.
 18. The article of claim 17, further comprising: a plurality ofelectrical connections disposed about the first and second bindingsites, wherein each electrical connection provides an electrical pathwaybetween the substrate and the part.
 19. The article of claim 18, whereineach electrical connection further comprises: a first metal layercontacting the substrate; a second metal layer contacting the part; anda solder layer disposed between the first and second metal layers. 20.The article of claim 17, wherein the first and second shaped surfacesfurther comprise: a self assembled monolayer.